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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



Soy Beans 



By 
W. F. INGALLS 

ti 

Hamilton, New York 



Price $1.00 















Copyrighted by 

W. F. INGALLS 
1912 



THE ARTHUR H. CRIST CO. 
Cooperstown, N. Y. 



£CI.A30'J730 



Chapters 

1. Description of Soy Bean 7 

2. Inoculation 10 

3. How the Soy Bean came to be 

grown on our farm 15 

4. Soils 19 

5. Planting and Cultivation 22 

6. Advantages of raising Soy Beans 

with Corn .27 

7. The Experiences of a few of the 

farmers who raise Soy Beans 32 

8. Summary, 35 




THIS WAS TAKEN AUG. 5. 



Preface 

C^OR years it has been the dream of 
* dairy men to find some crop which 
could profitably be grown with corn, and 
which would make with it a more nearly 
balanced ration than does corn alone. 

While experimenting with the soy bean 
for feeding cows as a substitute for con- 
centrated feeds, the attention of experi- 
ment Stations and Institute workers was 
attracted to my efforts, and they were 
spoken of in other places, consequently 
letters began to come in asking for in- 
formation in regard to the soy bean, the 
method of its culture, etc., so finally, though 
far from desiring publicity or notoriety, 
after proving to my own satisfaction, 
without a doubt, that farmers could save 
at least one-half of the grain bill by growing 



Preface 

soy beans, I decided to publish this little 
volume, telling as clearly as possible, 
something about the soy bean, its habits, 
its culture, and my own personal exper- 
ience with raising and feeding it, hoping 
it may benefit others by helping them to 
solve the feed problem. 

The description of the soy bean plant 
is taken partly from bulletins from U. S. 
Department of Agriculture. W. F. I. 



Soy Beans 

Description of Soy Bean 

HHHE soy bean is an erect, bushy plant 
* three or four feet in height, and has 
branching hairy stems, with leaves much 
like our common bean, rather inconspicuous 
pale lilac flowers, and broad, two to 
five-seeded pods, covered, like the stem, 
with stiff reddish brown hairs. 

The seeds vary in color from whitish 
and yellowish to green, brown and black. 

The fact that the flowers are self- 
pollinated makes the yield entirely in- 
dependent of insects, and renders the soy 
bean free from an important obstacle in 
the way of the introduction of many 
legumes into new regions. The seedcrop 
is sure wherever the plants make a proper 
growth, and reach maturity. 

The soy bean is a native of Asia and 



Soy Beans 

has been extensively cultivated in China, 
Japan, and other Eastern countries for 
hundreds of years. 

There are over two hundred varieties 
grown in these countries, nearly every 
district having its own distinct varieties. 

The beans are there grown almost en- 
tirely for human consumption, being pre- 
pared for food in many different ways; 
their flavor, however, does not appeal to 
Caucasian tastes, and up to the present 
time they have found little favor as a 
human food in Europe or America. 

As a forage crop, however, soy beans 
have become of increasing importance in 
parts of the United States. 

The soy bean is a legume, therefore be- 
longs to the same plant family as our 
common beans, peas, clover and alfalfa. 

The soy bean is one of the most prolific 
of growers bearing large quantities of seed 
pods; the medium green bean has been 
known to have one hundred pods on one 
plant. 

8 



Description of Soy Bean 

When grown for any purpose the soy 
bean tends to increase rather than to 
diminish the fertility of the soil, for, being 
a legume, it acquires much of its nitrogen 
from the air, and stores it in the soil by 
means of the nodules found on the roots, 
considerable of this nitrogen is also left in 
the soil in the form of available plant food 
in the roots and stems of the plant. 



9 



Inoculation 

HPHE legume family obtains nitrogen from 
A the air; This nitrogen is taken into 
the plants through the agency of the bac- 
teria that live in the little bulb-like bunches 
on the roots, known as root tubercles or 
nodules. The nodules are the dwelling- 
place of the bacteria. 

It has been well proven that the plant 
which does not have the nodules on the 
roots does not acquire nitrogen through the 
air, except possibly in very small amounts. 

The proper bacteria for the inoculation 
of most of the common legumes are found 
in nearly all soils. 

Such plants as clover, peas and common 
beans, are naturally supplied with the 
nitrogen-gathering germs in most soils, 
owing to the presence of the bacteria 
capable of inoculating these plants. 

10 



Inoculation 

When a new legume is first planted in 
a field it is sometimes better, in order to 
insure a good crop the first year, to supply 
artificially the proper germs for the in- 
oculation of the soil, though this is not 
necessary, as after the first year the in- 
oculation comes from the plant itself. 

We have never used any means of 
inoculation other than that which comes 
naturally with the growth of the beans, 
as after growing for two or three years 
on the same land, a large number of nodules 
are found on the roots, and we have found 
that it hastens the inoculation if the 
manure from the stable where the beans 
have been fed is spread on the field. 

The introduction of the germs may be 
brought about in any one of three ways; 
First, the bacteria may be carried to, 
and introduced into the new soil with the 
seed; Second, the spores maybe introduced 
by mixing with the soil of the new field a 
small amount of soil from a field where 
the beans have been grown, and have 



Soy Beans 

produced nodules; Third, the soil may be 
inoculated by gathering the dust and dirt 
that falls from the beans when threshing 
for the seed and spreading it on the soil 
where the beans are planted also by 
spreading the manure from the stable 
where the beans have been fed. 

No great effort is required to inoculate 

a field with the germ spores; if the seed 

that grew on a field where the nodules 

were found in abundance on the roots, 

is planted in a new field, and the crop 

continued in the same field for two years 

or more, the plants will gradually become 

inoculated. Some of the tiny spores or 

seeds, of the bacteria seem to adhere to 

the bean seeds, and are thus transferred 

to the new field, and though only a small 

number of germs may thus be introduced, 

the bacteria gradually increases from year 

to year, and in about three years their 

presence will be shown by an abundance 

of nodules on the roots of the crop. 

In the second method the spores are 

12 



Inoculation 

transferred by taking soil from an old 
field to a new one. The spores of the 
bacteria remain in the soil from one season 
to the next; hence new soil may be in- 
oculated by taking soil from a field where 
the beans have been grown the previous 
year, and the roots have developed nodules 
abundantly, and scattering broadcast 
over the field. 

Third, in threshing the beans for the 
seed, dust and dirt fall to the floor. 
This contains the spores, and can be gather- 
ed up, and spread on the land where the 
beans are grown; also the bacteria for 
inoculation is found in manure from 
stables where the beans are fed, and this 
spread on the field where the soy beans 
are to be grown, transfers the bacteria 
to the soil, and this inoculation takes 
place. 

One of the great advantages in growing 
the soy bean lies in the benefit which the 
soil derives from the nitrogen and other 

13 



Soy Beans 

important elements of plant-food that 
are left in it by the crops of beans. 

Lands that have become impoverished 
by raising continuously small grains, or 
other nitrogen-using crops, may be restored 
to their former fertility by growing the 
soy bean, as this brings back to the soil 
the elements that have previously been 
taken from it. 



14 



How the Soy Bean Came to be Grown on 

Our Farm 

A FTER farming for a number of years, 
-** and buying grain for the dairy in 
large quantities, and observing the ex- 
perience of my neighbors as well, I began 
thinking there should be something which 
the farmers could raise which would bal- 
ance the corn, thus giving a more nearly 
balanced food, and so save buying the 
concentrated feeds, bran, gluten, oil-meal, 
and cotton-seed meal. 

So, after studying some on the subject, 
began to experiment on a small scale. 

I tried oats and peas, raised together, 
which did fairly well, but did not feel 
quite satisfied, then tried the beans raised 
with the corn, which run up the corn-stalk, 
and the scarlet runner bean, peas in the 

15 



Soy Beans 

corn, vetch, cow-peas, etc., but without 
marked success, and finally tried the early 
green soy bean raised alone, and fed them 
green in the fall, with the corn, probably 
fed about half a ton. 

While feeding them, the cows gained in 
milk and when I stopped feeding them, 
there was a decrease in the flow of milk. 

This was in 1898; the next year I 
raised about an acre of the soy beans 
separate, which were mixed with the corn 
as the silo was filled, and about an acre 
planted in the hill with the corn. In feeding 
the clear corn silage in the winter before 
the beans were reached, a grain ration 
was fed which, as nearly as possible bal- 
anced the corn silage. When the beans 
were reached in the silo, I was feeding my 
dairy from five to eight pounds of grain 
apiece, but when feeding the beans I 
dropped all the grain from some cows, 
half the grain from others, and kept up 
the full amount on others. 

The cows which had the grain all taken 

16 



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TAKEN SEPT. 20, SHOWING THIRD ROW OF BEANS, NOTICE HEIGHT 
OF BEANS HELD BY THE LEFT HAND, AND THAT THE CORN NEARLY 
COMES TOGETHER OVER HEAD. 



How They Came to be Grown on Our Farm 

from them shrunk a very little, but not 
enough to pay for the grain; those which 
had half the grain taken from them did 
not shrink at all, and those which had the 
whole amount did not gain any. 

The third year I planted the beans in 
the hill with sweet corn and picked a 
part of the corn for the canning-factory, 
then put the rest in the silo with the beans, 
and when feeding them, could not make 
the cows gain at all by feeding grain, and 
the general health of cows was better, 
and they looked better, than when feeding 
a grain ration. 

After experimenting for a number of 
years, I finally adopted the manner of 
raising the soy bean which I still use, 
namely that of planting the beans in the 
field with the ensilage corn, cutting, and 
putting them all, corn and beans, in the 
silo together. 

In feeding the beans we have experiment- 
ed with them for a number of years, 
weighing the milk, and we have never 

17 



Soy Beans 

failed of getting fully as much milk when 
feeding corn and bean ensilage which 
contained a proper amount of beans, with 
a half grain ration, as when feeding corn 
ensilage without the beans and a full 
grain ration. 

Since adopting the plan of planting 
every third row to beans, we have been 
able to leave off the entire grain ration, 
especially when feeding clover hay, except 
in a few cases of cows which we bought 
and which had previously been fed always 
on a heavy grain ration; these could not 
seem to become adjusted to the change, 
and did not gain, but in most cases the 
feeding of the mixed silage was very 
successful, horses also are very fond of 
this corn and bean silage, and do well on 
a certain amount of it. 

It is equally valuable in saving grain 
in the rearing of calves and young stock. 

In butter-making this bean and corn 
mixture is excellent, as it gives good 
quality and texture to the butter. 

18 



Soils 

IT is believed in Japan, the home of the 
* soy bean, that in northern climates, 
soils of a rather strong character are best 
adapted to the soy bean. In both Europe 
and America it has been found to thrive 
best on soils of medium texture that are 
well supplied with potash, phosphoric acid, 
and lime. It succeeds very well, however, 
on comparatively light soils, often giving 
an abundant crop on soils too poor 
to grow clover. 

It has been found that good results 
could be obtained in Europe on a great 
variety of soils, and similar results have 
been obtained in the United States. Fairly 
good crops of soy beans have been obtained 
in Kansas on very poor soils, and under 
very adverse conditions as to moisture. 

19 



Soy Beans 

In South Carolina the soy bean gives 
excellent crops on sandy, limestone, or 
marly soils, and also on drained swamp or 
peaty lands that are well marled. Ex- 
periments in both Europe and America 
show that the soy bean possesses excellent 
drought-resisting qualities, enduring dry 
weather much better than the ordinary 
field or garden beans. 

While the soy bean is possessed of 
excellent drought resisting qualities, it 
at the same time seems to be able to 
survive a period of excess of moisture 
better than the cow-pea or even corn. 
The report of one crop in Illinois is that 
after standing in water for three weeks 
in July, the soy beans recovered, while 
corn and cow-peas under the same condi- 
tions were premanently injured. The up- 
right, bushy habit of growth gives the 
soy bean a great advantage over the cow- 
pea during wet weather and makes it 
easier to handle at harvest time.' 
- The above was taken from a Farmer's 

20 



Soils 

Bulletin from the U. S. Department of 
Agriculture, and my own experience is 
that while soy beans very likely do better 
on some soils than on others, they will 
grow on a great variety of soils, and do 
well, will stand dry or wet weather, or 
frost, better than most crops raised on 
the farm. 

I have raised them on gravelly soil, 
also rich muck, soil which is wet, and that 
which is dry with good success, so have 
drawn the conclusion that the beans will 
stand extremes of soil and of weather 
better than corn. 



21 



Planting and Cultivating 

A/I Y method of planting the soy bean: 
* -*■ when using the smaller corn or sweet 
corn, we plant in rows about three feet 
apart each way, using the same number of 
kernels of corn to a hill as would be used 
without the beans. We plant from four 
to six kernels of corn in a hill, and from 
eight to twelve beans, in the same hill 
with the corn, with the large ensilage 
corn we row the corn three feet apart 
North and South, and two and one half 
feet apart East and West. We plant this 
way because on our farm the land lies 
so it is more convenient this way, but 
this course could be varied to suit any 
field. 

In planting we use a hand planter, and 
plant east and west. We plant two rows 

22 



Planting and Cultivating 

of corn and beans mixed, four to eight 
kernels of corn, and eight to twelve beans 
in the hill together, then plant one row 
of clear beans, twelve beans to a hill; 
Follow this method through the field, 
making every third row clear beans. 

Great care should be taken in planting 
exactly in the checks, on account of culti- 
vating and harvesting. 

Two and one half feet may seem rather 
close together, but the corn having the 
extra space where the rows of clear beans 
is, seems to get the sun, and do well, 
and the corn nearly comes together over 
head, as shown in the picture. 

In harvesting we run the corn-harvester 
north and south, thus mixing the corn 
and beans readv for the silo. 

In planting we have tried three different 
ways; first, we have planted the corn, 
then have gone over the field the second 
time planting the beans in the hill, in 
as nearly the same place as possible; 
second, we have mixed the corn and beans, 

23 



Soy Beans 

estimating the proportion of each, and 
planting together. Third, we made a dou- 
ble planter, which is a planter with the 
hopper divided, each side set independently 
of the other, and drops the seed in the 
same place. 

The seed of the soy bean varies in size. 
It usually takes from eight to ten quarts 
per acre. 

Always test the seed before planting; 
be sure to plant to a good depth, as the 
beans do better. A good many failures 
have been made in raising this crop, by 
not using enough seed. 

We have tried several different varieties 
of soy beans, with varying success; The 
early black mature before the corn, and 
do not make a large growth. 

The large late varieties do not have time 
to come to maturity in this climate. 

The medium green soy bean matures in 
this climate at the same time as the corn, 
so we have used this variety more than 
any other, and always with good success. 

24 



Planting and Cultivating 

As regards the cultivation, a weeder 
can not be used successfully when the 
beans are coming up, or until they get 
about three inches high, as it will break 
the tender shoots, even when two or three 
inches under ground, they come up like 
garden beans, and little plants are very 
tender, and it is my impression that many 
crops of beans are spoiled by using the 
weeder at this time. 

I like to cultivate them just before they 
come up through the ground, setting the 
cultivator so it will go v r ery close to the 
row, rolling a little dirt on the row, killing 
the small weeds which have started . 

After the beans are up, I cultivate from 
then on till the beans come together in the 
rows. 

There is no need to be afraid of the 
frost, as far as the beans are concerned, 
as they will stand more frost than the 
corn, and with us, they have never been 
affected by insect or blighting, but wood 
chucks will destroy them when young. 

25 



Soy Beans 

Many times I have been able to save 
my own bean seed. 

When the corn harvester passes over 
the field, some of the bean plants which 
are heavy with seed drop to the ground, 
and are not picked up by the harvester. 

These are afterwards cut by hand, 
and dried, threshed, and cleaned. 



26 



Advantages of Raising Soy Beans with 

Corn 

^PHE first and perhaps the greatest 
** advantage in growing the soy bean, 
is the saving of fifty per cent, and many 
times more of the grain fed to the cows. 
The crop of corn is as good, or better, 
when the beans are raised with it. The 
best corn is usually found where the best 
beans grow, though this is not always so, 
as, in some cases where the soil seems to 
be lacking in nitrogen, and the bean have 
not yet inoculated the field, the crop has 
not been entirely satisfactory, but have 
never known of but one or two instances 
where this has been so. One great ad- 
vantage in raising the bean is that, in 
our own experience, the land seems better 
after taking a crop of beans from it, as 

27 



Soy Beans 

the nodules on the roots seem to store 
nitrogen in the soil. 

We raised corn and beans on the same 
field for ten years; the crops were good, 
the last crop as good, or better than the 
first. 

The land had only a light coating of 
manure each year, am not sure whether 
the beans were in any way responsible 
for the results, but have had fine crops 
of clover after raising soy beans on the 
land. 

The three constituents of feed are protein, 
carbohydrates and fat. 

The protein being the .part which is 
most expensive to buy, but a very necessary 
element as milk is rich in protein, and 
requires large quantities of feeds which 
produce protein. This is the reason, as 
most farmers know, for buying such feeds 
as bran, oil-meal, and cotton-seed meal 
etc, to produce the best flow, of milk in 
the dairy herd. 

Experiments made by some of the ex- 

28 




TAKEN FROM THE SIDE OF FIELD WHEN PARTLY CUT. 



Advantages of Raising; with Corn 

periment stations, as well as myself, 
indicate that soy beans grown on the home 
farm, will produce protein at a great re- 
duction of cost. 

The excellency of the soy bean as a 
dairy-feed, both in the form of roughage 
and soy bean meal, is not theory alone. 

In Tennessee a very careful experiment 
was made comparing soy bean meal with 
cotton seed meal, soy bean straw with corn 
strover, and soy bean hay with alfalfa 
hay; pound for pound the soy bean meal 
was found to be slightly superior to cotton 
seed meal, in the amount of milk and 
butter-fat produced. 

The soy bean straw proved to be worth 
about twelve per cent more, pound for 
pound as a milk and fat producer, than 
corn stover. 

As compared with alfalfa hay, soy bean 
hay was found about ten per cent more 
valuable as a milk-producer, and nearly 
twenty per cent superior as a butter-fat 

29 



Soy Beans 

producer, as given in the Breeder's Gaz- 
ette. 

Following is a table showing the com- 
parative values of soy bean seed, bran, 
and linseed meal. 

Protein Carbohydrates Fat 

Soy Bean i 34 per cent j 28.8 per cent j 16.9 per cent 

Bran J 154 per cent 53.9 per cent ' 4 per cent 

Linseed Meal j 32.9 per cent | 35.4 per cent [ 7 9 per cent 

Analysis of soy bean plant and seed, 
when nearly ripe, and ready for the silo. 

DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS 



Dry Matter 26.8 per cent 
Cnrbohydrates 10.8 per c't 



Proteim 4 per cent 

Fat 8 per cent 



The crop of corn and beans on one of 
our fields was weighed by a professor 
from Cornell Agricultural college. The 
following are his figures; on land planted 
to two rows of corn and beans mixed, and 
every third row beans alone, the yield 
was twenty two tons, one thousand four 
hundred forty pounds per acre, of which 
nineteen per cent was beans. 



30 



Advantages of Raising with Corn 

On the area planted solidly to corn and 
beans, that is without each third row beans, 
per acre was twenty-seven tons four hun- 
dred pounds, with eleven and one half 
per cent beans. 

On the area where no beans were planted 
the yield of corn was twenty four tons 
per acre. 

This last area was not quite comparable 
with the other two, as the general growth 
of the corn on this part of the field was 
not quite so good as where corn and beans 
were combined. 

The corn weighed was on the heaviest 
part of the field, the entire field would 
not average quite this, as in some places 
the corn was smaller, but the beans were 
good, averaging twenty per cent or more, 
but one fact that will be seen by the fore- 
going is that a better growth of corn was 
produced where the beans were grown 
with it than where the corn was grown 
alone. 

31 



The Experiences of a Few of the 
Farmers Who Raise Soy Beans 

/^VNE man in a nearby town raised a 
^^ crop of beans and corn, with a fine 
growth of beans, and pnt them in the silo, 
feeding the ensilage to his cows through 
the winter, and in the spring when the 
cows were turned out to pasture, they 
did not gain at all, in the flow of milk. 

One neighbor, Mr. B., tried the beans 
one year, and said he could see no bene- 
fit from them; he bought about beans 
enough to plant three acres, and mixed 
them through all of his seed corn (raising 
about fifteen acres,) so of course the small 
amount of beans as compared with the 
corn in the silage, failed to make any not- 
ticeable gain in the flow of milk. 

Mr. S. of Herkimer Co., after raising 
the soy beans for nearly ten years, is able 

32 



Experiences of a Few of the Farmers 

now to almost entirely eliminate his grain 
bill; he does not raise the largest ensilage 
corn, but a medium, or smaller variety, 
and plants a generous amount of beans 
in the hill with the corn, thus securing a 
good amount of protein in the silage. 

Mr. P. had a poor growth of corn one 
year, from poor seed, or bad weather, but 
the beans, planted at the same time, grew 
abundantly, and when feeding the silage 
he found he had too much protein, and 
so added some corn-meal to secure the 
best results, but this, of course, was an 
unusual case, the mistake usually being 
on the side of lack of beans. 

Another neighbor planted beans with 
a part of his corn, and had the mixed sil- 
age in the middle of the silo; he did not 
do any weighing, but found when feeding 
the mixed silage there was a gain in milk, 
then when he reached the bottom of the 
silo and fed the clear corn silage again, 
he found his cows shrunk in milk again. 

Mr. B. one of the most prominent farm- 

33 



Soy Beans 

ers in the vicinity, was much pleased with 
the results of feeding soy beans: he raised 
fine bred calves, which were sold for high 
prices, and he was loud in his praises of 
the soy bean silage, for feeding calves; 
he considered it superior to alfalfa as a 
protein feed. 

Another man who owns a farm near, 
and raises soy beans, says the corn which 
has the beans in the hill is much larger 
and better, so that in going near the field 
the difference is noticeable, the corn grown 
with the beans being several inches higher 
than that grown alone. 

In his experience he has found four ad- 
vantages in growing soy beans — First: 
The saving of grain bills. Second: They 
increase the fertility of the soil. Third: 
They increase the growth of the corn, and 
Fourth : They tend to keep the weeds down. 

There are other men in the vicinity 
who have raised the beans for several years, 
but their experiences are practically simi- 
lar to some of the others mentioned. 

34 



Summary 

T)E sure to test the seed thoroughly to 
*-* see if it will germinate, and plant 
seed enough to allow for eight to twelve 
seed that will grow in each hill. 

Be sure to plant corn and beans at the 
same time ; many have failed here by wait- 
ing till the corn was up, then planting 
beans, but this method always fails, as 
the beans do not mature. 

A good way to begin the growing of 
soy beans is to raise at first an acre or two 
with corn, and put in the silo by itself, 
marking with a few bundles of straw, then 
when this silage is reached in the silo, ex- 
periment by gradually dropping off a part 
of the grain from the cows, and note re- 
sults. 

If your first crop is not quite satisfac- 

35 



Soy Beans 

tory or the inoculation is not apparent, 
do not be discouraged, but plant again 
on the same land, spreading the manure 
which was made while feeding the bean 
silage back on the land where the beans 
are raised. 

Don't plant a few seed all through the 
corn to try, and expect to obtain results, 
but plant liberally as far as you go. 

Use the Medium Green bean in the 
North. 



36 



SEEDS 

I Offer High Quality Seeds 

Alfalfa, tested at Washington, Red 
Clover, Alsike, Timothy, Pure Red Top, 
Orchard Grass, Seed Oats, Barley, Rye, 
Wheat, and all Farm Seeds and Supplies. 

Would recommend especially our 

Eureka Ensilage Corn 

Iowa Gold Mine Corn 

Early Medium Green Soy Beans 
Canada Cluster Oats and 

Ideal Mangel Beets 

Each are of such exceptional merit that 
a trial will prove very profitable. 
(Established over 40 years) 

F. H. EBELING 

Syracuse, N. Y. 



MAB 80 1W4 



